The Core Curriculum: Module 1

The History of Race in America

Khalil Gibran Muhammad
This module examines the nature of race and racism at the heart of the American project through a historical lens of wealth creation, labor markets, political culture, social institutions, immigration, and civic life.

Description

The United States’ global dominance has long been the envy of the world. But the role of race and racism to native born and newcomer alike has been treated often as aberrational, an unfortunate artifact of the nation’s past. This course examines the nature of race and racism at the heart of the American project through a historical lens of wealth creation, labor markets, political culture, social institutions, immigration and civic life.

Although race often attaches to people of color, racial identity and ideology have been inescapable constructs for all who reside in this country. Drawing on African American and immigration history, (post) colonial studies, critical race theory, and whiteness studies, students will gain historical knowledge required for leadership in a 21st century, multi-racial democracy.

Students who plan to work in non-profits, government agencies and policy circles will also gain new analytical tools to help lead and transform institutions for a browner America and world.

Topics/ Learning Objectives

Learning objectives for this module include:
  • Describing how racism came to be a foundational form of domination, extraction, and exploitation in the United States from the colonial period to the present.
  • Discussing how race is a cultural and ideological construct to justify systemic racism in a liberal democracy founded on ideas of freedom from slavery, natural rights, and individual liberty.
  • Analyzing racial ideology, cultural and academic knowledge production, and the narrative of American exceptionalism as ongoing processes of race-making.
  • Gaining historical and racial literacy to pursue public service, policymaking, and non-profit and private sector leadership that does not unintentionally reproduce forms of racial domination.

Required Material

The 1619 Project: A New Origins Story by Nikole Hannah Jones, et. al. (One World, 2021)
Find on Bookshop, Online, or your local library
Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America by Ibram Kendi (Random House, 2016)
Find on Bookshop, Online, or your local library
America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States by Erika Lee (Basic Books, 2019)
Find on Bookshop, Online, or your local library

Racism in America: A Reader by Annette Gordon-Reed (Harvard University Press, 2020)
Find free download on Amazon, or your local library

The White Card: A Play by Claudia Rankin (Graywolf Press, 2019)
Find on Bookshop, Online, or your local library

Readings and Assignments Schedule

  1. Set the community agreements
  2. What do you know about race in America?
No assignments.
  1. Discuss colonialism and European settlers
  2. Discuss the entanglement of nationalism and racism
Reading:
Evelyn Nakano Glenn, “Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation,” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1:1 (2015): 54-74. Your local library.

Barbara Fields, “Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America,” in Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in America (2012). Your local library.

Nikhil Singh, “Rethinking Race and Nation,” in Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Harvard Press, 2004): 15-43. Your local library

Podcasts:
Scene on Radio, “Made in America,” Season 2, Episode 3, March 16, 2017 (29:00)

Scene on Radio, “On Crazy We Built a Nation,” Season 2, Ep. 4, March 30, 2017 (36:30).
  1. Discuss the teaching of slavery
  2. Discuss the consequences of capitalism
  3. Discuss the controversies surrounding the 1619 Project
Origin Stories Reading:
Fredrick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” July 5, 1852.

Nikole Hannah Jones, “Democracy,” The 1619 Project. Your library.

Tiya Miles, “Dispossession,” The 1619 Project. Your library

Matthew Desmond, “Capitalism,” The 1619 Project. Your library

Jamelle Bouie, “Politics,” The 1619 Project. Your library

Alan Greenspan, “The Two Americas” (excerpt) in Capitalism in America: A History (Penguin Press, 2018), 73-80.

Khalil Gibran Muhammad, “Were the Founders Against Slavery All Along?New York Times, 10/18/2018.

Sven Beckert and Katherine Stevens, “Harvard and Slavery: Seeking a Forgotten History” (2011). Your library

Counter-Narrative Reading:
Colin Friedorsdorf, “The Inclusive Case for 1776, Not 1619,” The Atlantic, 1/6/2020.

Leslie Harris, “I Helped Fact Check the 1619 Project. The Times Ignored Me,” Politico, 3/6/20.

Robert L. Woodson, Sr., “The Crucial Voice of ‘1776’,” Red, White, and Black: Rescuing American History from Revisionists and Race Hustlers (Emancipation Books, 2021) Your library.

Donald Trump,
Executive Order 922, “Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping,” September 22, 2020.

David Theo Goldberg, “The War on Critical Race Theory,” Boston Review, May 7, 2021.
  1. Who were considered American citizens?
Reading:
Martha Jones, “Citizenship,” 1619 Project. Your library

Ibram Kendi, Chapters 19, 20, 21 (on Reconstruction and Redemption). Your library.

Erica Lee, “Introduction”; “Chapter 3: The Chinese are No More”; “Chapter 4: The Inferior Races of Europe,” America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States (Basic Books, 2019). Your library

Vivek Bald, “Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America,” Racism in America: A Reader (Harvard 2020). Your library

Podcasts:
Scene on Radio, “Citizen Thind,” Season 2, Ep. 10, 6/14/2017.

NPR, “Becoming America,” Throughline, 2/13/2020.
  1. Discuss American values
  2. Discuss racial criminalization
  3. Discuss the intersectionality of racism and sexism for Black women
Reading:
Booker T. Washington, “Atlanta Compromise Speech,” History Matters, September 18, 1895.

Josephine J. Turpin Washington, “Anglo Saxon Supremacy,New York Age, no. 48, August 23, 1890.

Mary Church Terrell, “Peonage in the United States: The Convict Lease System and the Chain Gangs,” The Nineteenth Century and After: A Monthly Review, 57, July–December 1907.

W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Study of the Negro Problems,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 11, 1898.

Patricia Hill Collins, “Black Feminist Epistemology,” Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment, 2nd ed., Routledge, 2000. Your library

Khalil Gibran Muhammad, “Saving the Nation: The Racial Data Revolution and the Negro Problem” and “Writing Crime into Race: Racial Criminalization and the Dawn of Jim Crow,” The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America Harvard, 2010. Your library

Ibram X. Kendi, “Black Judases” and “Great White Hopes,” Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, United States: PublicAffairs, 2016.

Pamela Newkirk, “The Man Who Was Caged in a Zoo,” The Guardian, June 3, 2015. Your library

Crystal Feimster, “Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching,” Racism in America: A Reader, Harvard Press, 2020. Your library

Christina Firpo and Margaret Jacobs, “Taking Children, Ruling Colonies: Child Removal and Colonial Subjugation in Australia, Canada, French Indochina, and the United States, 1870-1950,Journal of World History, 29, no.4, December 2018: 529-562. Your library
  1. Discuss DuBois’ views on Whiteness
  2. Discuss the criminalization of Blackness
  3. Discuss race and education
Reading:
W.E.B. Du Bois, “The Souls of White Folks,” in The Independent, 69, August 10, 1910: 339–342. Your library

Khalil Gibran Muhammad, Chapter 3 “Incriminating Culture: Racial Criminalization in the Progressive Era,” The Condemnation of Blackness, Harvard 2010. Your library

Noliwe Rooks, “Introduction” and Chapter 2: “White Philanthropy, Black Education,” Cutting School, New Press, 2020. Your library

Clif Stratton, “Hawaiian Cosmopolitans and the American Pacific,” Education for Empire: American Schools Race and the Paths of Good Citizenship, Univ of California Press, 2016. Your library

Ellen Wu, “Chinatown Offers Us a Lesson,” The Color of Success: Asian Americans … the Origins of the Model Minority, Princeton, 2015. Your library

Video:
truTV, “Adam Ruins Everything—How America Created the Model Minority Myth.”

Independent Lens, “Dawnland” November 2018.
  1. Discuss Culture and appropriation
  2. Discuss depiction of Black people in the media
  3. Discuss disparities in healthcare
Reading:
Wil Haygood, “Why Won’t Blackface Go Away?: It’s Part of America’s Cultural Legacy,” New York Times, 2/7/2019.

Khalil Gibran Muhammad, “When Will Hollywood Confront Its Blackface Legacy,” Los Angeles Times, 2/24/2019.

Marina Bolotnikova, “Native Modern: Philip J. Deloria Studies American Indians and the Contradictions that Made America,” Harvard Magazine, January-February, 2019.

Jeneen Interlandi, “Why Doesn’t the US Have Universal Healthcare? The Answer Has Everything to Do With Race,” 1619 Project, August 14, 2019.

Podcasts:
Wesley Morris, “The Birth of American Music.” 1619 Podcast.

Reproducing RacismReveal podcast, May 23, 2020.
  1. Discuss reconstruction in America
Reading:
Langston Hughes, Let America Be America Again, 1935.

Nikhil Singh, Chapter 2: “Reconstructing Democracy,” Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy, 2004. Your library.

Nikhil Singh, Chapter 4: “Americanizing the Negro,” Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy, 2004. Your library.

Marible Morey, “Introduction,” White Philanthropy: Carnegie Corporation: An American Dilemma and the Making of a White World Order, 2021. Your library.

William L. Patterson, “The Opening Statement,” We Charge Genocide, 1-29, 1951.

Rachel Swarns, “Words of Obama’s Father Still Waiting to be Read by His Son,” New York Times, 6/18/2016.

Ellen Berry, “How Kamala Harris’s Immigrant Parents Found a Home, and Each Other in a Black Study Group,” New York Times, 9/13/2020.
  1. Discuss the Black ghetto
  2. Discuss White lower class and Affirmative Action
  3. Discuss James Baldwin’s thoughts
Reading:
St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, “Of Things to Come,” 760-767; “Appendix: Black Metropolis 1961,” and “Postscript 1969,” 807-836, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City, 1945. Your library.

James Baldwin, “Autobiographical Notes,” “Everybody’s Protest Novel,” and “Many Thousands Gone,” Notes of a Native Son, 1955. Your library

James Baldwin, “Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A Letter from Harlem,” Nobody Knows My Name, 1961. Your library

James Baldwin, “My Dungeon Shook,” The Fire Next Time, 1963. Your library

James Baldwin, “Introduction to Notes of a Native Son, 1984,” Notes of a Native Son, 1984. Your library

Lerone Bennett Jr., “The White Problem in America,” The White Problem in America, Johnson Publishing, 1966. Your library

Era Bell Thompson, “Some of My Best Friends are White,” The White Problem in America.

Claudia Rankin, The White Card: A Play, 2019. Your library

Video:
  1. Discuss social movements and their leaders (ie: MLK, Malcom X, Ella Baker, Black Panther Party)
  2. Discuss the different approaches. Were they effective?
  3. Discuss the White Backlash
Reading:
Kendi, “The Act of Civil Rights”; “Black Power”; “Law and Order” and “Reagan’s Drugs,” Stamped from the Beginning, pp. 381-439. Your library.

Martin Luther King Jr., “Chapter 3: Racism and the White Backlash,” Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? Your library

Peniel E. Joseph, “Chapter 2: Malcolm X, Harlem and American Democracy,” in Dark Days, Bright Nights: From Black Power to Barack Obama, Basic Books, 2009. Your library.

Barbara Ransby, “Chapter 8: Mentoring a New Generation of Activists: The Birth of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 1960-1961,” Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision, UNC, 2003. Your library

Donna Murch, “Men With Guns” and “Survival Pending Revolution,” Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA, UNC, 2010. Your library.

Video:
Raoul Peck, I am Not Your Negro, Netlfix.
  1. Identify some differences between Black and White homeownership, rates of police brutality, 
  2. Discuss thoughts on reparations
Reading:
Thomas Sugrue, “Chapter 12: ‘The Black Man’s Land’,” Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North, Random House, 2008, pp. 422-448. Your library

Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” The Atlantic, June 2014.

Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “Conclusion: Predatory Inclusion,” Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership, UNC Press, 2020. Your library

Mehsra Baradaran, “The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth GapRacism in America, Harvard, 2020. Your library

Dana M. Peterson and Catherine L. Mann, “Closing the Racial Inequality Gaps: The Economic Cost of Black Inequality in the US,” September 2020.

William Darity and Kirsten Mullen, “Chapter 2: Myths of Racial Equality” and “Chapter 13: A Program of Black Reparations,” From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the 21st Century, UNC Press, 2020. Your library

Podcast:
NPR, “The Original Welfare Queen,” June 5, 2019 (32 min).

NYT 1619 Project, Episode 5 Part 1 and Part 2.
  1. Discuss Kenneth and Mamie Clarke’s research findings
  2. What were the effects of segregation for the education of black students?
  3. Discuss “educational gerrymandering”
Reading:
Kenneth Clarke, “Chapter 6: Ghetto Schools: Separate and Unequal,” Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power, Harper and Row Publishers, 1965, 111-153. Your library

Nikole Hannah Jones, “Choosing a School for My Daughter in a Segregated City,” New York Times Magazine, June 9, 2016.

Noliwe Rooks, Chapter 4 “How the North Wasn’t One,” Chapter 7: “Age of Resistance,” and Coda: “Trickle Up Education,” Cutting School, New Press, 2017. Your library

Rucker C. Johnson, Chapter 7: “How Charlotte Briefly Got it Right,” Children of the Dream: Why School Integration Works, Basic Books, 2019. Your library

Heather McGhee, “Chapter 7: Living Apart,” The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together, 2021. Your library

Multimedia:
Matt Delmont, “Why Busing Failed.” (Skim all 12 essays and review multimedia material.)

Podcast:
Serial/NYT Podcast, “Nice White Parents.”
  1. Identify ways legislation leads to less democracy
  2. Identify mechanisms that lead to more democracy.
Reading:
Alex Keyssar, “How Has the Electoral College Survived This Long,” New York Times, 8/3/2020. Your library

Avidit Acharya, Matthew Blackwell, and Maya Sen, “The Political Legacy of American Slavery,” The Journal of Politics, 78:3.

Khalil Gibran Muhammad, “The Descent of Democracy,” Boston Review.

Erika Lee, “Conclusion,” America for Americans. Worldcat

Keeanga Yamatta-Taylor, “Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, and the Limits of Representation,” New Yorker, 8/24/20.

Khalil Gibran Muhammad, “No Racial Barrier Left to Break (Except All of Them),” New York Times, 1/14/17.

Michael Powell, “Liberals Envisioned a Multiracial Coalition. Voters of Color Had Other Ideas,New York Times, 11/16/2020.

Video:
Moyers & Company, “Lest We Forget: The Big Lie Behind the Rise of Trump,” 1/25/2017. (23m).

New York Times, “Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol,” 6/30/21. (40m).

Expectations and Assessments

Weekly assignments 

These are intended to give you a structured way to respond to the week’s readings. These are short and open ended. It is critically important that you find what is meaningful to you from the readings, not what you think I’m looking for. What stands out to you, what surprises you, what helps you understand something you’ve been struggling with, what has changed your mind, what is inconsistent or contradictory about the readings as a whole? The goal is to help you develop your own voice and fluency with the topics. Occasionally I may prompt you with a specific question or set of questions.

There are ten response papers to be written between 1-2 pages.  I expect them to be proofread and coherent. Use parenthetical citations to denote quotes or ideas from the readings. 

Class participation

You will be expected to participate in large and small group discussions every week. There will be talk and turn opportunities as well as out loud readings and opportunities to role play (as devil’s advocate).

Autobiographical Professional Statement 

This paper will be 2-4 pages and will be graded on a 10-point scale.. Answer the following questions in your statement:

  1. Tell your professional story of why you are in this class, your goals, and your plans for the future. 
  2. What problem in the U.S. or world do you plan to help tackle?
  3.  How does understanding race and racism in the U.S. context helps to achieve that goal? 

A goal of this assignment is to have a baseline for your final assignment to reconsider how the course content itself may have impacted your views. 

Final Paper

This assignment will be 5-10 pages and will be graded on a 25 point scale. 

Options:

  1. WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER ON A TOPIC OF YOUR CHOOSING. THE TOPIC MUST HAVE SOME RELATIONSHIP TO ONE OF THE SUBJECT /CONTENT AREAS COVERED IN THE READINGS.
  1. WRITE A PERSUASIVE ESSAY TO A REAL PERSON YOU KNOW BASED ON ONE OF THE SUBJECT/CONTENT AREAS COVERED ON THE SYLLABUS. BALDWIN IS A MODEL FOR EXAMPLE. HE WROTE IN A STYLE TO EDUCATE PEOPLE ABOUT RACISM, AS IF THEY WERE HIS LOVED ONES, FRIENDS, OR NEIGHBORS. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO FOLLOW THIS APPROACH. BUT THE LETTER SHOULD BE PERSONAL AND SPECIFIC. YOU SHOULD BE TRYING TO CONVINCE THEM OF SOMETHING THEY LIKELY DISAGREE OR IT IS A TOPIC OF WHICH THEY HAVE LIMITED KNOWLEDGE.
  1. WRITE TO A PROSPECTIVE PRIMARY CHALLENGER TO THE PRESIDENT IN THE NEXT ELECTION WITH A BLUEPRINT FOR HOW TO ADDRESS RACISM IN AMERICA (DEFINE IT AS INDIVDIUAL OR STRUCTURAL BASED ON YOUR PERSPECTIVE). PRESENT YOURSELF AS A POTENTIAL SENIOR ADVISOR, NOT A CAMPAIGN STRATEGIST. (DO NOT FOCUS ON HOW TO WIN. FOCUS ON HOW YOU WANT THE PERSON TO LEAD IF THEY SHOULD WIN).  TAKE STOCK OF THE PRESIDENT’S CURRENT RECORD ON THIS ISSUE. THIS IS A MORE FORMAL LETTER, STILL PERSUASIVE, BUT YOUR RHETORICAL APPROACH IS PARTLY WHAT YOU WILL BE ASSESSED ON. WHAT EXACTLY WOULD YOU ADVISE THEM TO DO, BASED ON A POLICY AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS. BE CLEAR ABOUT THE RISKS AND BE CLEAR ABOUT THE EXPECTED OUTCOMES, INCLUDING YOUR VISION OVER THE NEAR TERM OF THE NEXT FOUR YEARS OF A NEW ADMINISTRATION AND GENERATIONALLY OVER THE NEXT 25 YEARS. 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT

  • You must reference four sources from the syllabus, but no more than one op-ed.
  • You may cite at least four additional outside sources (which do not appear on the syllabus). For example, any of the following are appropriate: book, academic journal article, major magazine essay/investigative report (such as Ta-Nehisi Coates or Nikole Hannah Jones), and major report by a non-profit). You should consult the bibliography or endnotes from books on the syllabus as a first step to find additional materials. Pay attention to authorship to ensure your source is creditable.

Note:

  • The difference between the research paper and the essay is tone and approach. The essay will involve more storytelling and a normative vision. You will support your point of view with evidence from your sources. Your goal is to be creditable and persuasive based on an imagined skeptical audience of readers.
  • The research paper will be more objective and pursue a line of inquiry. The research paper seeks to ask an important set of questions whose answers should point towards some recommendation for change. Given that you are not doing original research, mostly you are summarizing a curated body of published research. The fun of this is in what you select (curate) and how you translate the work and make connections between different studies/reports/books.
  • Use the course content, analytical frameworks, rhetorical strategies, and historical knowledge you have gained over the semester to make the case for policy/institutional change in whatever setting/sector/organization/agency/industry/nation you choose. All change depends on storytelling from cold hard data to op-eds to investigative reports and persuasive essays. This assignment is about content (what you know, believe, and want to see happen) and less about form. But both of course matter which is why other faculty focus on form.

Helpful tips:

  • When using your own voice, use Black or African American. “Negro” should only be used to paraphrase or directly quote a primary source. You can use BIPOC, Brown, Native, Indigenous, Latinx and Hispanic based on your preferences.
  • Keep perspective. This is an assignment about race and racism.
  • Choose a rhetorical strategy. Think about your audience. Sharpen your assumptions about what you think they know or don’t know. You are writing to/for real people. Consider their roles, for example. What power do they have to maintain, adjust or substantially change things?
  • Count your sources

Suggested Structure

Seminar-style to facilitate small group conversation.

Suggested Assessment Tools

  • Weekly assignments
  • Autobiographical Professional Statement
  • Final paper